ENERGY EFFICIENT IN WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK

Due to development of the microcontroller technology and the high speed digital signal processing technologies, wireless communication system provides people with high reliability and conveniency. It has been used widely in industrial and real-time applications everywhere and is also used for data a

Project Title

ENERGY EFFICIENT IN WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK

Project Area of Specialization

Electrical/Electronic Engineering

Project Summary

Due to development of the microcontroller technology and the high speed digital signal processing technologies, wireless communication system provides people with high reliability and conveniency. It has been used widely in industrial and real-time applications everywhere and is also used for data acquisition and transmission for complicated terrain conditions, environmental conditions and other places which are  inconvenient for people to reach. In this project, we proposed a scheme of wireless transmission system that is smaller in size, low cost and can collect the data factors such as temperature and humidity in realtime wirelessly. The system consists of an Arduino Uno module which has ATMEGA328 microcontroller that  gives high performance on  single chip microcontroller (nRF24l01) with low power consumption and high integration and portability. DHT22  is a cost effective digital sensor used which tells temperature and humidity with high integration ,precision and also low power consumption.

This project is designed for the monitoring of temperature and humidity in agricultural field through sensor called DHT22 which is being used for the monitoring of temperature and humidity in microcontroller-based nodes network using the module called NRF24L01. 

This system supports two nrf modules connected to microcontroller aurdinoo that acts as a transmitter and a receiver. One node that comprises of nrf module and aurdino sends data to  another node comprises of same module and microcontroller. The project is actually based on powerefficient  wireless sensor networks in which the data is being transmitted using programming codings and designed programs. One code that consits of transmiiter sends codes and the receiver makes reception at the other end. This system makes us enable to transmit data and receive through wireless sensors which are power efficient..  in a similar way we have several nodes working on same principle. At the end there is master  node that can receive data through several nodes and the same time transmit its data to other nodes as well.

In case of node failure, a redundant node is available so that there’s no hindrance in communication.

Project Objectives

Wireless Sensor Networks are one of the significant topics in the literature.There are many sensor nodes which can be commercially sold in the market or online, but most of them have high prices and there is a need for low cost and easy to build up sensor nodes. Low cost WSN network design and implementation is presented for environment monitoring applications. For this aim, a low-cost alternative sensor node is developed by using Arduino. The cost of the sensor node is suitable for small budgets and prototype studies. In order to enlarge

sensing filed of the WSN, multi-hop based sensor network applications are implemented. Energy efficiency is one of the most important tasks for WSN.

Efficient aggregation of data collected by sensors is crucial for a successful

application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) . These smart sensor networks

consist of various sensory devices, which collect data from our surrounding and transmit them   via wireless channels. All the sensors and components in this network are called nodes. Data is sent from the transmitter node to the receiver node. There is a base station or mother node which is the receiver node responsible for receiving and processing data. This network can be implemented in any kind of environmental scenario.

Project Implementation Method

The nRF24L01 is a single chip RF Transceive IC that uses the 2.4 GHz band and it can operate with baud rates from 250 kbps up to 2 Mbps. If used in open space and with lower baud rate its range can reach up to 100 meters.

There is a special feature called MultiCeiver in nRF24L01 IC. The module can use 125 different channels which gives a possibility to have a network of 125 independently working modems in one place. Each channel can have up to 6 addresses, or each unit can communicate with up to 6 other units at the same time.

An nRF24L01 configured as primary RX (PRX) will be able to receive data trough 6 different data pipes, see Figure 4. A data pipe will have a unique address but share the same frequency channel. This means that up to 6 different nRF24L01 configured as primary TX (PTX) can communicate with one nRF24L01 configured as PRX, and the nRF24L01 configured as PRX will be able to distinguish between them. Data pipe 0 has a unique 40 bit configurable address. Each of data pipe 1-5 has an 8 bit unique address and shares the 32 most significant address bits.

Features:

1.Ultra-low power operation (26?A Standby-I mode, 900nA power down mode)

2.SPI Interface with Microcontroller

3.Integrated RF Transmitter, Receiver and Synthesizer

4.Operating voltage is 1.9V – 3.6V

5.Input pins can tolerate 5V

ARDUINO UNO:

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The DHT22 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers.

The sensor can measure temperature from -40°C to 80°C and humidity from 0% to 100% with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%. So,for our project this sensor seems to be the right choice for us. The DHT22 Sensor is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and hence it is highly easy to set it up

Benefits of the Project

Applications

• Measure temperature and humidity
• Local Weather station
• Automatic climate control
• Environment monitoring
• Outstanding long-term stability
• Long transmission distance
• 4 pins packaged and fully interchangeable
• Low power consumption

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

Support for very large numbers of unattended autonomous nodes, adaptability to environment and task dynamics  in are  the  fundamental  challenges of  WSNs as  they  have limitations  of  dynamic  network topology, limited battery power, and constrained wireless bandwidth. The configuration of sensor nodes would  frequently  change  in  terms  of position, reachability,  power availability,  and  even  task  details. Because these sensor nodes interact with the physical environment, they would experience a significant range of task dynamics. Node mobility, node failures, and environmental obstructions cause a high degree

of  dynamics  in WSN. This  includes frequent  network  topology  changes and  network  partitions.  The partitioned subnetworks need to continue running independently, and the management protocol must be robust enough to adapt this condition.Sensors are energy constrained and subject to unfriendly environments; they can store or reproduce very limited  energy  from  the  environment.  That  is  why  they  fail  due  to  depleted  batteries  or  due  to  environmental  influences.  Restricted  size  and  energy  typically  means  restricted  resources  (CPU ) performance,  memory,  wireless communication  bandwidth  and range).  Thus, we  need to  ensure that  network protocol  overhead is  kept to a minimum so that transmitted /received/processed  at  each  node  should  be  reduced  since  energy  is  consumed  in  these  operations. Other issue is that the transmission distance of microsensor nodes can be very short in compare to the  conventional macrosensors and handheld devices. So, the transmitted power is low, and hence requires  significantly different architectures for intelligent resource efficiency. While some applications such as  image sensors demand a high transmission data rate, most sensing applications will require very low data rates compared to conventional multimedia traffic. Existing radio architectures are not suitable for these very low data rates since they have significant energy overhead in powering on and off.

Final Deliverable of the Project

Hardware System

Core Industry

Agriculture

Other Industries

Core Technology

Others

Other Technologies

Wearables and Implantables

Sustainable Development Goals

Responsible Consumption and Production

Required Resources

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