Design and Fabrication of 3-Axis CNC Router

Project Title

Design and Fabrication of 3-Axis CNC Router

Project Area of Specialization Mechatronics EngineeringProject Summary

This Project discusses the design and realization of complex 3-axis CNC machines based on microcontroller which combined with spindle drill. This machine can be used for Cutting, Engraving and Marking on wood, acrylic and PCB objects. Design picture that have been made on the PC sent to the microcontroller using serial communication then CNC perform execution on object according to point coordinates. Drill spindles will create patterns on objects automatically according to the design drawings. After testing, the CNC machine can be used for cutting, engraving and marking on wood, acrylic and PCB to 2D or 3D objects with 98.5% of carving accuracy and 100% of depth accuracy. This machine works on an object with maximum size of 300 x 160 mm.

Project Objectives

The following objectives will be explored to develop a simple and cost effective Arduino

Based Router.

a)To minimize and simplify the operation and maintenance of the Router.

b)To optimize the CNC Control System as well as CNC programming for getting high

Level accuracy.

c)     To investigate the efficiency and accuracy compared to the conventional Router

Project Implementation Method

Design / Methodology

•The development of router machines based on CNC program for engraving machine was divided into two sections, which were design and the fabrication.

Design:

The design of CNC Router is shown in Figure 1 below.kThe router machine that is made will be used for wood engraving with various types of wood with the driver of a stepper motor that moves on 3 axes. This is intended so that the wood craft results can have a good precision and accuracy. The G-code CNC software Mach 3 is used, as in the following Figure 2.

Figure 2.2 Block Diagram Of Router Design.

G-Code Workflow Diagram:

Electronic Design:

Mechanical System:

The mechanical systems are the most important part of the engraving machine system that is made. The result of wood craft engraving in the form of accuracy of its shape depends on the precision of the mechanical system. Mechanical systems are made by various components as follows:

Figure 3. Components of mechanical system: (a) stepper motor, (b) linear guide, (c) ball screw

Electrical system:

In this research, a 24 V DC is used as the source electricity power for the stepper motors of three axes. Proximity sensors are devices that can change information about the movement or presence of objects into electrical signals, so this device had an important use to detect the presence of objects around it without any physical touch. The stepper motor interprets the step and direction signals given from the BOB and then moved the stepper motor rotate in the right direction with the correct number of steps.

Benefits of the Project

Benefits or Applications of This project is:

can be used to produce items such as door carvings, interior and exterior decorations, wood panels, sign boards, wooden frames, moldings, musical instruments, furniture. In addition, they see use in industry in the thermoforming of plastics by automating the trimming process. CNC routers can help ensure part repeatability and sufficiently efficient output for production, or allow one-off designs to be made.

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

Hardware list of the project:

SL NO:	Hardware /software Name	Specification	Quantity
1	Arduino Module	Model: Uno, VR: 1 Microcontroller: ATmega328P Operating Voltage: 5V Digital I/O Pins : 14 Flash Memory: 32 KB SRAM: 2 KB EEPROM: 1 KB Clock Speed: 16 MHz	1 pc
2	Stepper Motor	Model: ROB-09238 (NEMA 17) Step Angle (degrees) : 1.8, 2 Phase Rated Voltage : 12-24 V DC Rated Current : 0.33A Holding Torque : 2.3kg*cm Drive Shaft : 5mm	4 pcs
3	Stepper Motor Driver	Model: ROB-12859 Bi-polar Micro stepping Driver 1.4-1.7A/Phase ( With Heat sink) Max Motor Drive Voltage: 30V On-board 5V/3.3V Regulation	4 pcs
4	Spindle Motor	Rated Torque:530g/cm Max. Milling Diameter:3.0 mm Rated Input Power:1A Rated Voltage: DC12v No-Load Speed:12000/rpm	1 pc
5	Power Supply ( For Spindle)	Rated Input Voltage: AC 220 V Rated Output Voltage: 12V DC Rated Output Current: 1 A	1 pc
6	Power Supply (For Stepper Motor Driver)	Rated Input Voltage: AC 220 V Rated Output Voltage: 12-24 V DC Rated Output Current: 5 A	1 pc
7	Connector wires	0.5 rm	1 pkt

8	Mechanical Structure	400*400mm Total size of Structure. 300*160mm Working area 76mm Side clearance	1 Unit
9	X-Axis Lead  Screw Set	400mm	1 pcs
10	Y-Axis Lead Screw Set	400mm	1 pc
11	Z-Axis Lead Screw Set with table plate	60mm	1pc
12	Other Mechanical/ Electrical accessories	Soldering Iron & Lead, Jumper Wire, Screw, Nut, Bolt, Washer etc.	As per requirements

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Final Deliverable of the Project HW/SW integrated systemCore Industry ManufacturingOther IndustriesCore Technology OthersOther TechnologiesSustainable Development Goals No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health and Well-Being for People, Quality EducationRequired Resources

8	Mechanical Structure	400*400mm Total size of Structure. 300*160mm Working area 76mm Side clearance	1 Unit
9	X-Axis Lead  Screw Set	400mm	1 pcs
10	Y-Axis Lead Screw Set	400mm	1 pc
11	Z-Axis Lead Screw Set with table plate	60mm	1pc
12	Other Mechanical/ Electrical accessories	Soldering Iron & Lead, Jumper Wire, Screw, Nut, Bolt, Washer etc.	As per requirements