membrane-based desalinatipn(RO)
? INTRODUCTION Desalination is the process of removing salts or other minerals and contaminants from seawater, brackish water, and wastewater effluent and it is an increasingly common solution to obtain freshwater for human consumption and domestic/industrial utilization.
2025-06-28 16:28:34 - Adil Khan
membrane-based desalinatipn(RO)
Project Area of Specialization Mechanical EngineeringProject Summary? INTRODUCTION
Desalination is the process of removing salts or other minerals and contaminants from
seawater, brackish water, and wastewater effluent and it is an increasingly common solution
to obtain freshwater for human consumption and domestic/industrial utilization.
DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES:
Desalination is an energy-demanding process commonly powered by non-conventional
energy sources which are unsustainable. Renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar, wind,
and geothermal sources can serve as alternative energy sources for desalination
processes. Desalination processes are mainly based on thermal and membrane technologies.
Thermal desalination processes include:
? Multi-effect distillation (MED),
? Multistage flash (MSF) desalination,
? Vapor compression (mechanical and thermal, MVC or TVC)
? Solar desalination (SD).
Membrane-based desalination processes include:
? Reverse osmosis (RO)
? Electro-dialysis.
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES:
? Multi-stage flash distillation:
Multi-stage flash distillation is a process that sends the saline feed water through multiple
chambers (Fig. 1). In these chambers, the water is heated and compressed to a high
temperature and high pressure. As the water progressively passesthrough the chambers, the
pressure is reduced, causing the water to rapidly boil. The freshwater vapor is produced in
? SEAWATER:
Seawater is taken into a desalination plant either from the water’s surface or from below the
seafloor. In the past, large-capacity seawater desalination plants have used surface intakes
on the open sea.
Although surface water intake can affect and be affected by organismsin the ocean, the issues
related to this method can be minimized or resolved by proper intake design, operation, and
maintenance of technologies. The technologies include passive screens, fine mesh screens,
filter net barriers, and behavioral systems. They are designed to prevent or minimize the
environmental impact on the surrounding intake area and to minimize the amount of
pretreatment needed before the feed water reaches the primary treatment systems.
Subsurface intakes are sometimes feasible if the geology of the intake site permits. When the
water is taken in from below the surface, the process causes less damage to marine life.
However, if the geology of the site is unfavorable, a subsurface intake can harm nearby
freshwater aquifers. Methods of subsurface intake include vertical beach wells, radial wells,
and infiltration galleries.
A major advantage to using a subsurface intake is that the water is filtered naturally as it
passes through the soil profile to the intake. Thisfiltration improvesthe quality of feed water,
decreasing the need for pretreatment.
? BRACKISH WATER
Brackish water is commonly used as a source for desalination facilities. It is usually pulled from
local estuaries or brackish inland water wells. Because it typically has less salt and a lower
concentration of suspended solids than doe’s seawater, brackish water needs less
pretreatment, which decreases overall production costs. However, a disadvantage is that
disposing of the brine from an inland desalination location increases the cost and can raise
environmental concerns.
There are several membrane treatment processes, including reverse osmosis, Nanofiltration,
ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. The pore sizes of the membranes differ according to the
type of process (Fig. 7
Because the RO membrane has such small pores, the feed water must be pretreated
adequately before being passed through it. The water can be pretreated chemically, to
prevent biological growth and scaling, and physically, to remove any suspended solids.
The high-pressure feed water flows through the individual membrane elements. The spiral
RO membrane element is constructed in a concentric spiral pattern that allows alternating
layers of feed water and brine spacing, RO membrane, and a porous product water carrier
(Fig. 8). The porous product water carrier allows the freshwater to flow into the cen
SAFETY FORM
? APPLICATION AND USES:
Reverse osmosis systems find frequent use in the following:
? Boiler feed-water treatment: used to reduce solids content of waters prior to feeding
into boilers for power generation or otherwise.
? Ro is used for drink purpose.
? Pharmaceutical: an approved treatment for producing U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) grade
water used in this industry.
? Food & beverage: used for both solids and liquids.
? Semiconductor: an accepted component of treatment in producing ultrapure water.
? Metal Finishing: successfully applied to these operations, including several types of
copper, nickel and zinc electroplating; nickel acetate seal; and black dye.
? Reverse Osmosis use is growing rapidly, but nowhere so fast as in power generation.
Globally, water treatment for power generation is estimated at more than 30 percent
of all industrial water treatment sales.
? Most electric power plants using coal, gas, oil or nuclear fuel create steam that turns
a turbine to produce electricity. Steam impurities cause problems and reduce the
electricity produced. This costs power plants money and increases the fuel consumed
to produce a given amount of electricity. In extreme cases, process water impurities
can lead to damage and downtime.
? COST:
Total cost of domestic RO project is approx. Rs.30,000
But price must be vary according to market prices up and down.
? MODIFICATION:
We can modified this system as per need such as:
? Provide power through Solar panel
? We add some more stages to increase purification.
? INTRODUCTION
Desalination is the process of removing salts or other minerals and contaminants from
seawater, brackish water, and wastewater effluent and it is an increasingly common solution
to obtain freshwater for human consumption and domestic/industrial utilization.
DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES:
Desalination is an energy-demanding process commonly powered by non-conventional
energy sources which are unsustainable. Renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar, wind,
and geothermal sources can serve as alternative energy sources for desalination
processes. Desalination processes are mainly based on thermal and membrane technologies.
Thermal desalination processes include:
? Multi-effect distillation (MED),
? Multistage flash (MSF) desalination,
? Vapor compression (mechanical and thermal, MVC or TVC)
? Solar desalination (SD).
Membrane-based desalination processes include:
? Reverse osmosis (RO)
? Electro-dialysis.
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES:
? Multi-stage flash distillation:
Multi-stage flash distillation is a process that sends the saline feed water through multiple
chambers (Fig. 1). In these chambers, the water is heated and compressed to a high
temperature and high pressure. As the water progressively passesthrough the chambers, the
pressure is reduced, causing the water to rapidly boil. The freshwater vapor is produced in
? INTRODUCTION
Desalination is the process of removing salts or other minerals and contaminants from
seawater, brackish water, and wastewater effluent and it is an increasingly common solution
to obtain freshwater for human consumption and domestic/industrial utilization.
DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES:
Desalination is an energy-demanding process commonly powered by non-conventional
energy sources which are unsustainable. Renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar, wind,
and geothermal sources can serve as alternative energy sources for desalination
processes. Desalination processes are mainly based on thermal and membrane technologies.
Thermal desalination processes include:
? Multi-effect distillation (MED),
? Multistage flash (MSF) desalination,
? Vapor compression (mechanical and thermal, MVC or TVC)
? Solar desalination (SD).
Membrane-based desalination processes include:
? Reverse osmosis (RO)
? Electro-dialysis.
THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES:
? Multi-stage flash distillation:
Multi-stage flash distillation is a process that sends the saline feed water through multiple
chambers (Fig. 1). In these chambers, the water is heated and compressed to a high
temperature and high pressure. As the water progressively passesthrough the chambers, the
pressure is reduced, causing the water to rapidly boil. The freshwater vapor is produced in
| Item Name | Type | No. of Units | Per Unit Cost (in Rs) | Total (in Rs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total in (Rs) | 50000 | |||
| Ro plant membrane based | Equipment | 1 | 50000 | 50000 |