Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Photovoltaic System

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Project Title

Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Photovoltaic System

Project Area of Specialization

Electrical/Electronic Engineering

Project Summary

The worldwide energy demand is increasing on a faster pace than the energy generation because of enhanced industrialization, growing population and improved living standards. According to international energy agency (IEA) reports, the energy consumption of world will increase by 44% from 2006 to 2030. Each hour 430 quintillion Joules of energy from the sun hits the Earth. In comparison, the total amount of energy that all humans use in a year is 410 quintillion Joules. In 2020, solar power generated 3.5% of the world's electricity, compared to under 3% the previous year. Solar generation rose 23% globally in 2021. Renewable sources of energy are a hot topic acquiring a growing importance in the world due to its consumption and exhaustion of fossil fuel. The photovoltaic (PV) power system is becoming increasingly important as the most available renewable source of energy since it is clean with little maintenance and without any noise. Nevertheless, PV systems have problems, such as the conversion with low radiation (in general less than 17%), as well as the nonlinear characteristic that depends on irradiation and temperature in its operation which change the amount of electric power generated. The current-voltage (I-V) curve of PV array relies on irradiance and temperature conditions. When the irradiance increases with constant temperature, the photovoltaic current also increases in direct proportion with negligible effect on PV voltage. Similarly, if the temperature increases with constant irradiance, the PV voltage decreases substantially while the PV current increases slightly. Under uniform condition, PV array exhibits unique maximum power point (MPP) on its I-V curve. The tracking mechanism in PV system, known as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique, is inevitable to search the MPP as innate characteristic of PV varies non-linearly with irradiance, temperature, and load. The matter becomes further complicated when PV array is under the influence of partial shading. A Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm is necessary to increase the efficiency of the solar panel. There are different techniques for MPPT such as Perturb and Observe (hill climbing method), Incremental conductance, Fractional Short Circuit Current, Fractional Open Circuit Voltage, Fuzzy Control, Particle Swarm Optimization Neural Network Control etc. These techniques have high tracking accuracy Under steady weather conditions but still exhibit some swap Between tracking speed and tracking accuracy when Irradiation changes.The basic operating principle of these types of methods are as Follows when operating point is far from the MPP, larger Perturbation step will be used to improve tracking speed. On The other hand, when operating point is close to the MPP, Smaller perturbation step will be used to improve steady-state Efficiency.

Project Objectives

The research objectives for Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Photovoltaic System are as follows.

• Examining various Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Photovoltaic system.
• Acquiring maximum possible efficiency for PV system using various Maximum Power Point Tracking techniques under varying Irradiance and Temperature.
• Designing Uncomplicated system for Maximum Power Point Tracking to extract maximum power from Photovoltaic array.
• Developing the Simulation Model of Improved MPPT Algorithms in MATLAB/Simulink Environment.
• Hardware Implementation for Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller under varying Environmental Conditions.
• Achievement of possible improvements in various Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms.

Project Implementation Method

Figure 1.  Flowchart Diagram of Project Implementation

MPPTs are generally adopted to track the maximum power point in the PV system. The efficiency of MPPT depends on both MPPT control algorithm and MPPT Circuit. MPPT system uses dc to dc converter to compensate the output voltage at the value which maximizes he output power. MPPT Controllers usually measures the value of voltage and current at the output of the solar panel, then calculates the power from relation (P=V*I) to extract the inputs of controller. The output of controller represents the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation to switch the dc to dc converter. Dc to dc converter maintains that particular voltage at which Maximum Power Point of Photovoltaic system is situated. This project hardware implementation proposes a Photovoltaic (PV) model for the design of PV systems with a simple MPPT to achieve high efficiency and faster response. First, a PV panel model is developed using SPICE code in Proteus tool. The verification and the validation are performed via an experimental test bench based on Arduino board. Afterwards, The Perturb & observe algorithm is implemented in the Arduino Uno board using the PV panel. To validate our system, a hardware testbench is implemented using the ATMega328 microcontroller in the Arduino Uno board. Substantial Efficiency and Speed has been attained proving the competitiveness of the proposed controller.

Benefits of the Project

The Benifits of the project are as under:

• Locates the Maximum Power Point of PV Array causing a major increment in efficiency of PV array.
• Increases energy generation of Photovoltaic Array per day (kWh/day) .
• Increases efficiency of  Photovoltaic system and hence gives rise to demand of Renewable Energy sources.
• Ensures a Reliable and Sustainable system causing no frequent collapse of PV power.
• Reduces the PV Arrays dependency on Solar Trackers and eliminate the need of any motors and any dynamic system.
• Makes Solar PV energy more Economical by making the PV systemto operate at Maximum Efficiency.

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

Maximum Power Point Tracking systems play a major role in Photovoltaic system and other renewable energy sources. Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms helps in locating Maximum power point of PV array and MPPT Controller is necessary for any solar power system to extract maximum power from PV module in case of rapid varying environmental conditions and it forces PV module to operate at voltage close to maximum power point to draw maximum available power. furthermore, MPPT controller reduces complexity of system while output of system results in high efficiency. Additionally, it can be applied to use with more energy sources. As the output power of PV system is maximum, the Increased Energy production is ensured and hence MPPT Controller makes the PV system economical and reliable source of renewable energy. Considering all the advantages of the PV system integrated with MPPT, the usage of Carbon emission and environmental unfriendly based energy sources can be minimized. MPPT Controllers are usually implemented with uncomplicated algorithms and system that overall reduces the complexity and cost of the system.

Final Deliverable of the Project

Hardware System

Core Industry

Energy

Other Industries

Education , Others

Core Technology

Others

Other Technologies

Sustainable Development Goals

Affordable and Clean Energy

Required Resources

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