Implementation of Zero Energy Building with Renewable Energy Sources

From the last decade the energy demand has increased tremendously and the existing electrical systems are deficient to fulfill the need of the energy so, it is essential to shift our interest to green energy available in nature. In this case, it is sensible to integrate the traditional utility grid

Project Title

Implementation of Zero Energy Building with Renewable Energy Sources

Project Area of Specialization

Electrical/Electronic Engineering

Project Summary

From the last decade the energy demand has increased tremendously and the existing electrical systems are deficient to fulfill the need of the energy so, it is essential to shift our interest to green energy available in nature. In this case, it is sensible to integrate the traditional utility grid system and renewable energy system to achieve higher productivity and, most of all, more cost-effective energy generation method than the existing ones.

A Zero energy building with renewable hybrid energy system consists of two or more energy sources but the wind and solar energy are omnipresent, freely available, and environmental friendly. The combination is becoming increasingly attractive and are being widely used as alternative of oil-produced energy. Therefore, the integration of traditional and renewable systems is the efficient alternative energy system. To achieve this, synchronization number of research approaches has been introduced by researchers around the world.

Project Objectives

• The main focus is given to the integration of different renewable resources that is wind and solar.
• The site is abundant in renewable energy and the hybrid nature increases the reliability and reduces the dependence on one single source
• Produce 100 watts of power.
• Single phase 220V output.
• A system which can provide electricity for 24 hours without load shedding.
• Make a model of Zero Energy Buildings.
• A system which manages the load smartly.
• Designing of Inverter, Buck-boost converters and Voltage Dividers which will be used in our project.
• To perform Automation.
• Provide an Economical Solution.

Project Implementation Method

Calculation of the PV module average power output

 Solar array modules are arranged so that there are sufficient series connected solar cells to generate enough voltage to charge a battery. Modules are arranged in series to increase the system voltages and in parallel to increase the system output current. The power output of the PV module P(s) is a product of the module output voltage and output current. The module equivalent circuit output current ‘I’ can be expressed as a function of the module output voltage V. Then module output voltage and Power generated are calculated using the formulas given below.                                                                                             (1)

The Graph is plotted between the solar power and the solar radiation as shown in fig 1.

      Fig 1.Generation of solar power due to solar radiation

Calculation of available Wind generator power

 Wind energy is ample, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and works against the greenhouse effect if used to replace the use of fossil-fuel.. The wind speed data were recorded near the ground surface. It should be converted to hub height using the required formula. The formula used for the calculation of wind speed is given as below

                                                                     (2)

 Calculation of available Wind generator power is performed with the help of following formulas. The available wind generator power output is a function of the wind velocity. This wind power is calculated for each hour of a typical day in every month

     (3)                                                                                                      (4) 

Benefits of the Project

Most of the power generated by the utilities is consumed by the domestic loads and with urbanization; energy demand is continuously increasing in developing countries like Pakistan. To meet the ever-growing demand, generation has to be increased and thereby transmitted over long distances which results in increased system losses reducing the overall system efficiency and reliability. Towards addressing this problem, there is a lot of scope for researchers to increase the overall system efficiency and reliability and also to preserve the fossil fuels for future generations. One solution is by adopting Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept which includes integration of renewable energy generation like solar and wind turbine, intelligent controllers etc., for energy automation. NZEB concept ensures that the loads of a building are controlled in such a way that the net energy consumed from the utility grid over a period of time (monthly/annually) will be close to zero. The net energy is the difference of the energy imported from grid to the energy exported to grid over a period of time.

The proposed work has alot of benefits. The idea was to model a multi-source alternative DG system consisting of wind turbine(s), PV arrays, and to manage the voltage profile and power flows among the different energy resources in the system. The site is abundant in renewable energy and the hybrid nature increases the reliability and reduces the dependence on one single source. The model of zero energy building will manage the load smartly and the design of inverter will perform automation too for effective performance. The hybrid power system is designed in such a way that it minimises the system total investment cost subject to the system component constraints. Hence the system is cost effective with being reliable and eco-friendly at the same time.

                                                               

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

The model will Produce 100 watts of power and a hybrid system will provide electricity for 24 hours without load shedding. It will give Single phase 220V output. The energy mixing concept is being implemented. The work will use hybrid system to produce electricity from renewable resources and integrate them in one unit Wind power and Solar Power are to be integrated. The model of zero energy building will manage the load smartly and the design of inverter will perform automation too for effective performance. 

Components Details:

To achieve the desired results, we need the following components:

Solar Panel that is being used consists of the following characteristics:

• Monocrystalline
• Vp=18V
• Ip=9A

Wind Model will generate about 1A of current and about 8-10V. As the rpm will vary according to the fins rotation. Then with the help of buck and boost converters both of the sources power will be matched. Buc converter will step down 18V DC to 12V DC. Boost converter will step up 8V DC to 12V DC. The power will then be integrated into DC bus bar. The DC Bus bar will provide input to the Inverter.

Inverter designed for this project converts 12V DC into 220V AC. It consists of 4 parts. First one is the biasing circuit, followed by FET driver circuit. FET driver circuit consists of 4 MOSFET’s on each side parallel to each other. The switching helps converting from DC to AC at 50Hz Frequency. Then the transformer steps up the output of the FET driver circuit.  

The output is then fed to load. Load is to be managed smartly. Meanwhile, with the help of current and voltage sensing circuits all the readings are being measured at every stage. These readings are fed into Aurdino Mega which then displays these readings on LCD. 

Simulation Model

The performance of batteries is complicated and cannot be precisely predicted for uncontrolled charge/discharge cycles in stand-alone systems. Moreover, the battery capacity is defined in terms of the amount of energy that can be extracted, not the amount that is actually stored. Therefore, the battery charge efficiency was set equal to the roundtrip efficiency, and the discharge efficiency was set equal to 1. The inverter is rated in terms of the peak load demand. The efficiency of the inverter is a function of the ratio of actual load to the inverter's rating. In this project, we used a constant value of inverter efficiency based on the average load demand. The flowchart of this project is given below:

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Final Deliverable of the Project

HW/SW integrated system

Core Industry

Energy

Other Industries

Others

Core Technology

Clean Tech

Other Technologies

Shared Economy

Sustainable Development Goals

Affordable and Clean Energy

Required Resources

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