Glucometer

Glucometer, also referred as Glucose meter, is a device used to determine glucose concentration in blood. There are two types of Glucometers: Standard Glucometer (Self-Monitoring Glucometer): It is an invasive technique that involves finger pricking to acquire the blood

Project Title

Glucometer

Project Area of Specialization

Biomedical Engineering

Project Summary

Glucometer, also referred as Glucose meter, is a device used to determine glucose concentration in blood. There are two types of Glucometers:

1. Standard Glucometer (Self-Monitoring Glucometer): It is an invasive technique that involves finger pricking to acquire the blood sample for glucose estimation.
2. Continuous Glucometer: It consists of sensor installed under the skin that sends glucose measurements to monitoring devices.

Glucose monitoring is essential for the patients experiencing Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where body is unable to accommodate increased level of blood glucose, leading to complications such as blindness, heart diseases, stroke and etc. [[i],[ii],[iii]].

According to WHO the values for normal fasting blood glucose are between 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) and 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L). Whereas pre-diabetes fasting blood glucose is between 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L). If fasting blood glucose is 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, diabetes is diagnosed and this condition is known as hyperglycaemia. An individual with low fasting blood glucose concentration (hypoglycaemia) – below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L). [[iv]]

Thereby we are designing a Conventional Glucometer to meet the highly surging demand of it. The end product must be able to approximate the un-erred blood glucose level of a patient. 

The Conventional Glucometer can be modified to a Continuous Glucose meter (CGM), a wearable device that provides real time blood glucose readings. A further step is a non-invasive blood glucose meter.

In this project we will seek Sustainable Development Goal 3 regarding "Good Health and Well-being".

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[i] W. Zhang et al., "Self-Powered Implantable Skin-Like Glucometer for Real-Time Detection of Blood Glucose Level In Vivo", 2022.

[ii] W. Organization, "Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus", Apps.who.int, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66040. [Accessed: 13- Apr- 2022].

[iii] S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree and H. King, "Global Prevalence of Diabetes", 2022.

[iv] "Indicator Metadata Registry Details", Who.int, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2380#:~:text=Rationale:,and monitoring glycemia are recommended. [Accessed: 13- Apr- 2022].

Project Objectives

In 2019 a WHO study showed 220.9 million is the population Pakistan out of which 19 million are grown-ups assessed to be living with diabetes - seriously jeopardizing them of dangerous difficulties. 8.5 million of these 19 million, are undiscovered and, accordingly, might be especially in danger [[i]]. According to WHO number of deaths in Pakistan that occurred due to high blood glucose level:

Male Age:30-69 = (23,700)       ;    Age: 70+ = 22,300

Female Age:30-69 = (21,100)       ;    Age: 70+ = 25,400 [[ii]]

 For the detection of diabetes awareness must be given. Additionally, Pakistan should manufacture its on known blood glucose monitoring devices so that it would be affordable for the people.

In this project we being biomedical engineers will implement our engineering knowledge to make HW/SW integrated glucose monitoring system because till date Pakistan isn’t manufacturing the devices.It is our main goal to present a product which would be helpful for the people of Pakistan. Either for the purpose of diagnosing or keeping their health in check.

Later if we see the long-term benefits of manufacturing product,exporting products can ensure increasing sales and sales potential.

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[i] 2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/pak_en.pdf> [Accessed 26 April 2022].

[ii] 2022. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/pak_en.pdf> [Accessed 26 April 2022].

Project Implementation Method

Project Implementation:

A person pricks the skin and applies the blood sample gained to the test strip, then the strip is inserted into the meter. The glucose in the blood reacts with chemicals present in the strip. The electrical current runs through, determining the level of glucose in the blood sample and providing numerical results.

Mechanism:  

We will be using either of the following mechanisms.

Some test strips used contain glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme. GOD reduces oxygen  to hydrogen peroxide whereas glucose is changed to d-glucono-1,5-lactone. d-glucono-1,5-lactone is hydrolyzed to gluconic acid. The reaction is aided by Ferricyanide. 

To glucose oxidase, K3[Fe(CN)6] acts as an electron acceptor. Resulting are the anodic(oxidation at the anode) and reductive peaks at the terminals of test strip. [[i],[ii] ,[iii]]

OR

Transducer detects blood  Glucose. The electrochemical blood glucose test strip (EBGTS), is a tiny volume expendable electrochemical cell which is contacted with test blood. The sensor packs different electrodes, a glucose oxide layer, a porous polyurethane film, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide. Oxidation of glucose supported by enzymatic (Glucose Oxidase, PQQ-Glucose) and catalytic reactions causes electron flow upon an applied voltage between the two electrodes. This sum of electron flow through the circuit estimates blood glucose level in the sample.Due to oxidation response in EGBTS equilibrates after a few seconds. This measure of current additionally fluctuates with various test strips. [[i]] [[i]]                     

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[i] B. Feldman, “Electrochemical Blood Glucose Test Strips for People with Diabetis,” Diabetes Technol. Ther., 2003.

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[i] M. Gupta and H. Aggarwal, “Design and Implementation of PSoCbased Cap Sense for Medical Touch system saliva Vs Blood Glucose Meter,” International Journal ofAdvanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 5, May 2013.

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[i] Kim, K.-Y., Chang, H., Lee, W.-D., Cai, Y.-F., & Chen, Y.-J. (2019, February 11). The influence of blood glucose meter resistance variation on the performance of a biosensor with a gold-coated circuit board. Journal of Sensors. Retrieved March 18, 2022, from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2019/5948182/

[ii] B. Liang, X. Guo, L. Fang et al., “Study of direct electron transfer and enzyme activity of glucose oxidase on graphene surface,” Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 50, no. 1-5, pp. 1–5, 2015.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

[iii] S. Jawaheer, S. F. White, S. D. D. V. Rughooputh, and D. C. Cullen, “Development of a common biosensor format for an enzyme based biosensor array to monitor fruit quality,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1429–1437, 2003.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Benefits of the Project

We will be using ISO standards for Blood Glucose Monitor to increase the accuracy of the product.

Furthermore, it is our aim to make a device that is indigenous. The production of an instrument/product on your own homeland makes the product more cost effective. Following are the advantages of domestic manufacturing.

• Reduce shipping cost and other taxation
• Is easily available.

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

Following are the tentative components that are going to be used in the project.
 

Component

Op-amp

Lcd display

Microcontroller (Arduino)

Resistors

Variable Resistor

Switch

Current Sensor

Transducer

ICs

Test Strip

Final Deliverable of the Project

HW/SW integrated system

Core Industry

Medical

Other Industries

Health

Core Technology

Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Other Technologies

Others

Sustainable Development Goals

Good Health and Well-Being for People

Required Resources

If you need this project, please contact me on contact@adikhanofficial.com