DESIGNING OPERATION THEATRE LIGHT

Maintaining an adequate light intensity level in a surgery room is essential for a successful surgery. In currently existing techniques, the focusing region and intensity level are usually controlled manually. Furthermore, the interruption of the surgeon?s focus and the possibility of manual

Project Title

DESIGNING OPERATION THEATRE LIGHT

Project Area of Specialization

Biomedical Engineering

Project Summary

Maintaining an adequate light intensity level in a surgery room is essential for a successful surgery. In currently existing techniques, the focusing region and intensity level are usually controlled manually. Furthermore, the interruption of the surgeon’s focus and the possibility of manual control techniques increase the risk of infection during surgery. So designing a "SMART OPERATION THEATRE LIGHT" for the surgical room, which can be determined by intensity level, helps to figure out the operation area and minimize shadow effects at an optimal level, is an important requirement. Here we use the feature-based K-Mean Clustering method to select keyframes. Later, applying a two-stage segmentation method to segment the shadows using quick shift and dynamic region merging The removal of shadows by adjusting position as well as controlling the intensity values of light by applying an image processing method is done using Matlab simulation. Here, K-Mean clustering is applied to images captured by cameras. Suitable motors are implemented for adjusting the rotation and tilt of the device. A processing unit is responsible for the detection and removal of shadows as well as the movement of devices, which is done by Matlab Algorithms. The positioning and orientation of the surgeon's hand have now been specified as the target to follow from the inside of a certain workspace, with an equal distance to the target sustained at all intervals to ensure proper illumination. A prototype has been designed to represent the concept, utilizing the techniques mentioned above.

PROJECT DRAWING:

images/'DESIGNING OPERATION THEATRE LIGHT' _1659399235.

Project Objectives

Develop an operation theatre light that incorporates cost-effectiveness into OT light while further improving the quality of life for surgeons and paramedics.

Project Implementation Method

In this Project aforementioned techniques are used:

• K-Mean Clustering Method.

Clustering is a popular exploratory data analysis tool for gaining an insight into the data structure. It may be described as the difficulty of finding subgroups in data so that data points in the same subgroup (cluster) are very similar while data points in other clusters are rather distinct. In other words, we seek to create homogeneous subgroups within the data so that 

data points in each cluster are as identical as appropriate according to a measure of similarities such as quantitative factors distance or correlation-based distance. The selection of which similarity measure to apply is application-specific.

Clustering analysis can be performed based on features, in which we attempt to discover subgroups of samples based on features, or the basis of samples, in which we attempt to find subgroups of features based on samples. Clustering based on features will be covered in this section. Clustering is used in market segmentation to discover clients that are similar to each other in terms of behaviors or qualities, picture segmentation/compression to group similar regions together, document clustering based on subjects, and so on.

Clustering, unlike supervised learning, is termed an unsupervised machine learning methodology since we require the real data to compare the result of the clustering technique to the actual labels to evaluate its efficiency. We just aim to investigate the structure of the data by splitting it into multiple subgroups.

We will just address K-means in this post since this is one of the most commonly used clustering algorithms for easy implementation.

• Image processing

Image processing is a way of performing operations on an image to improve it or extract relevant information from it. It is a sort of signal processing in which the input is an image and the output might be an image or image characteristics/features. Image processing is one of today's fastest-growing technologies. It is also a fundamental research field in engineering and computer science.

Image processing includes the following three steps:

• Importing the image via image acquisition tools;
• Analyzing and manipulating the image;
• Output in which result can be altered image or report that is based on image analysis.

These are the techniques that are best for auto shadow removal so far.

Benefits of the Project

The ultimate purpose is to make the work tasks inside the operating room simpler, ergonomics-wise, and therefore more economical to reduce the workload of the operating theatre personnel and, consequently, ensure patient safety. The most significant element is smart control. These principles are linked in a manner that would be both interactive and extensive. It handles the persistent issue of providing the best possible lighting of the surgical area while maintaining sterility by employing portable surgical lights.

Smart Operation Theatre Light is a diverse and multidisciplinary area of illumination management. it allows for the integration of a wide variety of sensor and control techniques,

and also information and communication technologies, to achieve higher efficiency and lower detrimental consequences obtained from the use of energy for illumination, in conjunction with enhanced intelligent functionalities and interfaces of lighting inside the ambient, commercial and public domain.

The combination of digital features and interfaces at four complementary levels constitutes smart operation theatre light.

• The first integration level, or embedded level, is in the lighting engine or light source itself.
• The second level, or system level, is in luminaries and lighting systems.
• The third level, often known as the grid level, consists of the management and monitoring of sources of power, energy-producing facilities, distribution utilities, and devices.
• The fourth level also called the communication and sensing level, is in integrated lighting systems with monitoring, control, and management applications.

Efficiency: When compared to traditional technologies, Smart Lighting solutions may save between 50 and 70 percent on electricity. In terms of carbon rate, a comparable decrease is attained.

Management has now been improved. Through the variety of electronic and communication systems, it is possible to control the color of light, as well as the intensity and direction of the light beam, via innovative lighting system designs that will provide a variety of benefits.

Durability. LED lighting systems have a well-designed life expectancy that can range between 50.000 and 100.000 hours under normal settings. 

One of the most prominent characteristics of LED lights used in surgeries is their possible to create a pure white spot. Many lights are yellowish in hue, which does not give the optimum illumination essential for operation. Because this ideally light has a recommended color temperature of 4400K, no filtering or reflecting coverings are required to correct it. The surgical light color temperature and illuminance, or brightness, are nicely balanced.

The Smart OT light will be auto-focused and positioned precisely. Shadows will be detected by the camera and eliminated by adjusting the intensity of light using various image processing methods.

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

Our experimentation aims to focus to design an operation theater light that contains smart features and is automated, having shadow removal and detection and controlling the intensity by using 

K-mean clustering and image processing. Processing obtained data by applying programming algorithms to fix it at the best position.

Inside, the whole process of designing OT light equipment is used. Technical details are as follows:

CAMERAS:

Digital pictures are made up of dots known as pixels (short for "picture elements"). We reference relevant with more than enough pixels as smoother representations of the reality, thus the more pixels in the image, the greater the quality. A larger image, on the other hand, takes up more storage capacity and makes the system work harder when dealing with the image. Moreover, because the pixel size (the number of columns and rows of pixels) of a computer screen is rarely greater than 1920x1200, using the maximum resolution parameters is unnecessary if you are merely planning to view images on a computer.

A camera operates by allowing light to enter through a hole known as the aperture. When you click the shutter release button (when you "take the photo"), light enters the camera for a certain length of time, which is known as the shutter speed. Most point-and-shoot cameras automatically select the aperture and shutter speed parameters to allow enough light into the camera. However, under low light conditions, the shutter must be left open for an extended period (this is referred to as a "slow shutter speed"), and any shaking of the photographer's hands or movement of the subject during the exposure will cause it to blur.

In some cases, you may wish the camera to create a picture that is brighter or darker than it would normally be. Most cameras feature "exposure compensation" settings that allow you to make these adjustments.

Most cameras offer a setting that allows you to change the flash from automatic to "always off" or "always on." You should normally turn off the camera's flash while taking photographs for scientific purposes.

Close-up photos are useful for a variety of themes. These are best produced by bringing the camera extremely near to the item rather than zooming in. Most cameras offer a "close-up focus" feature, which is commonly denoted by a flower symbol.

LIGHT LAMP / LED:

Efficacy: LEDs use less power to generate the same amount of light.

Heat in Beam: LEDs must transmit significant heat energy away from them, yet they emit very little ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) radiation.

Dimmability: Although system compatibility must be determined on an individual basis, LEDs may provide dimming without color shift or flicker, resulting in substantial energy savings.

Maintenance: LEDs offer a substantially longer lifespan as well as a non-catastrophic failure mechanism.

Final Deliverable of the Project

Hardware System

Core Industry

Health

Other Industries

Medical

Core Technology

Artificial Intelligence(AI)

Other Technologies

Sustainable Development Goals

Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Sustainable Cities and Communities

Required Resources

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