Analyzing the Diverse Impacts of Conventional Distributed Energy Resources on Distribution System

e>In recent years, the rapid boost in energy demand around the globe has put power system in stress. To fulfill the energy demands and confine technical losses, researchers are eager to investigate the diverse impacts of Distributed Generation (DG) on the parameters of distribution network. DG is be

Project Title

Analyzing the Diverse Impacts of Conventional Distributed Energy Resources on Distribution System

Project Area of Specialization

Internet of Things

Project Summary

In recent years, the rapid boost in energy demand around the globe has put power system in stress. To fulfill the energy demands and confine technical losses, researchers are eager to investigate the diverse impacts of Distributed Generation (DG) on the parameters of distribution network. DG is becoming even more attractive to power producing companies, utilities and consumers due to production of energy near to load centers. Reduction in power losses, better voltage profile and less environmental impact are the benefits of DG. Besides renewable energy resources, conventional energy resources are also a viable option for DG. This research aims to analyze the impact of localized synchronous and induction generators on distributions network. The main objectives are to find optimal type, size and location of DG in distribution network to have better impact on voltage profile and reduction in power losses. Using worldwide recognized software tool ETAP and Kohat road electricity distribution network as a test case. Results depicted that at certain buses, positive impacts on voltage profile were recorded while almost 20% of power losses were decreased when synchronous generator as DG unit was injected in distribution network. Injecting induction generator as DG unit, the results showed increase in power losses due to absorption of reactive power, while improving voltage profile by injecting active power.

Project Objectives

In electrical power plants the power is generated which
fulfill the demand of energy required. The capacity of
generation depends on type and size of the generating
unit. Capacities of these traditional power plants vary from
hundreds of Megawatt to few Gegawatt. These generation
power plants of such a large scale are placed far away from
load centers. For transmission of power from the generation
station to the customer’s premises transmission lines and
distribution feeders are used.
it is necessary for the utilities to provide standard voltage
profile/level to its customers.
To balance demand and supply gap, DG became the
feasible option. The term DG can be defined as any power
generation unit that is integrated within the distributed system.
 DG may be a conventional or non conventional energy
source which consists of wide range of technologies such
as internal combustion engines which are prime movers for
synchronous and induction generators, wind turbines, photo
voltaic systems, fuel-cells, etc.

DG typically ranges from few Kilowatts (KW) to several
Megawatts (MW) as they are not centralized. Both conventional
(non-renewable) and non-conventional (renewable)
resources can be used to generate power for DG. Combustion
engines and fuel cell are used as conventional energy
resources, while geothermal system, solar energy and wind
energy are used as non-conventional energy resources.
DG sources accompanied with energy storage technologies is called distributed source of energy.
As DG is on site generation of power feeding to the
distribution network, to acquire a complete and reliable
DG system it is more important to have the knowledge of
injecting DG at proper optimal location and to determine
the source of DG either renewable or non-renewable and
also number of DG units. Connection and process of
power generation elements linked straightly to distribution
system or associated to the network on consumer’s location of the meter defines the location of distributed generation.

Project Implementation Method

INSTALLING DG:

DG is becoming even more attractive to power producing companies due to production of energy near to load centers.

SITE OPTIMIZATION:

Due to reduction in power losses, look for best site to inject the DG source.

(ETAP) software tool is used for simulation and analysis.
This paper focuses on the impact of DG on voltage profile
and power losses in a radial test system in which three cases
are considered: firstly results are evaluated when no DG unit
is injected, secondly and foremost impact of synchronous
generator and induction generator as a DG units are evaluated and lastly comparison for optimum type and location of DG is carried out.

Universally DG is accepted as an effective and economical
solution to reduce the increasing demand in power system.
In current years, DG achieved much consideration due to its
positive impacts on the electrical distribution systems. Some of these are improving transmission and distribution congestion, voltage and power quality, line losses reduction, reliability, power consumption demand, security, and reaching the goal to utilize green and renewable energy resources,  Also DG has lesser principal cost because of utilizing renewable energy resources and has nil pollutant radiations. DG can work in the situation of peak shaving during increase in requirement and also as a backup in case of interruption.
However, some negative impacts of DG including voltage rise, poor power quality , harmonics, etc. Absence of synchronization between DGs and distribution system results in voltage regulation problems.

Benefits of the Project

1 Avoid Power Factor Penalties :

Most industrial processing facilities use a large quantity of induction motors to drive their pumps, conveyors, and other machinery in the plant. These induction motors cause the power factor to be inherently low for most industrial facilities. Many electric utility companies assess a power factor penalty for lower power factor (usually below 0.80 or 0.85). Some also incentive high power factor (above 0.95, for example). By adding power factor correction, you can eliminate the power factor penalty from your bill.

2 Reduced Demand Charges :

Many electric utility companies charge for maximum metered demand based on either the highest registered demand in kilowatts (KW meter), or a percentage of the highest registered demand in KVA (KVA meter), whichever is greater. If the power factor is low, the percentage of the measured KVA will be significantly greater than the KW demand. Improving the power factor through power factor correction will therefore lower the demand charge, helping to reduce your electricity bill.

3. Increased Load Carrying Capabilities In Existing Circuits :

Loads drawing reactive power also demand reactive current. Installing power factor correction capacitors at the end of existing circuits near the inductive loads reduces the current carried by each circuit. The reduction in current flow resulting from improved power factor may allow the circuit to carry new loads, saving the cost of upgrading the distribution network when extra capacity is required for additional machinery or equipment, saving your company thousands of dollars in unnecessary upgrade costs. In addition, the reduced current flow reduces resistive losses in the circuit.

4. Improved Voltage :

A lower power factor causes a higher current flow for a given load. As the line current increases, the voltage drop in the conductor increases, which may result in a lower voltage at the equipment. With an improved power factor, the voltage drop in the conductor is reduced, improving the voltage at the equipment.

5. Reduced Power System Losses :

Although the financial return from conductor loss reduction alone is not sufficient to justify the installation of capacitors, it is sometimes an attractive additional benefit; especially in older plants with long feeders or in field pumping operations.

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

This research aims to analyze the impact of localized synchronous and induction generators on distributions network. For this testing a model will be design in which Arduino will be used to switch DG from bus to bus.

Arduino:

It has the memory of 32KBs with 14 Digital I/O pins.

Buck Converter:

The buck converter is a very simple type of DC-DC converter that produces an output voltage that is less than its input. The buck converter is so named because the inductor always “bucks” or acts against the input voltage

Relay:

Relay are switches that open and close circuit electromechanically or electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contact in other circuit.

Potential transformer:

Potential transformer is a voltage measurement transformer we use step down PT which reduces the voltage of a high voltage circuit to a lower level for the purpose of measurement.

Bridge rectifier:

A Bridge rectifier is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) converter that rectifies mains AC input to DC output.                                   

Voltage regulator :

A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

Variable resistor: An electronic component that is used to vary the amount of current that flows through a circuit.

Final Deliverable of the Project

Hardware System

Type of Industry

Energy

Technologies

Augmented & Virtual Reality

Sustainable Development Goals

Affordable and Clean Energy

Required Resources

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