Motor driving and control system for electric vehicle

Project Title

Motor driving and control system for electric vehicle

Project Area of Specialization Electrical/Electronic EngineeringProject Summary

1. The use of electric vehicles are growing up in this century.Electric vehicles operate on electric motors instead of fossil fuel.Electric motor can be powered by a battery and solar panel.Electric vehicle operate at DC motor instead of combustion engine as there is less pollution.
2. Fossil fuels not only faces the expected challenges of shortage but also is being criticized largely for carbon emissions
3. One of the main parts of an EV is the electric control system for motor and other electrical and electromechanical components.Electric control system for motor are designed to drive a motor at variable speed under different circumstances.
4. Regulation of speed is essential for increasing gradient.Electric vehicle have different electromechanical components that operate at fixed voltage level and that voltage is achieved by multi output power supply.
5. In our project, we are working on electric vehicle in which we will work on motors driving and control system by using different techniques and circuits like PWM technique and relays etc. By varying the pulse width of PWM signal the speed of motor can be controlled. The PWM expansion will send signals to mosfets which will deliver power to the DC motor according to the signal.
6. So the DC motor can operate on different voltages that derives electric vehicles at variable speed except constant speed.The variable voltage at the motor terminal can be achived by power mosfet using as an amplifier,by trigirng the mosfet and small change of voltage on gate can give us a large change at drain tha can be used to drive a motor at variable speed
7. Motor direction can be controlled by using relay switching.normally H-bridge is used for controling the direction of motor but it can also be done by relays.relays have normaly open and normally close contact ,we can use relays in different combination to achived our goal.
8. we can operate different elctro-mechanical componenets that can be used in conventional electric vehcile e.g headlitights ,speedometer , indicators.controller etc
9. Vehicle speed cannot be same on different roads or different gradients.electric vechiles speed can be reduced by increasing gradient.so maintain its speed is necessary at different gradient under different circumstances like wise we are going towards mountain areas speed will be different and at a plan roads speed will be diferent from previous case,S maintain the speed is necessary in each case.

Project Objectives

1. Designing a motor driving circuit for forward, reverse and variable speed  maneuver
2. Designing a multi output power supply
3. Speed regulation at low battery level
4. Regulation of speed at increasing gradiant
5. Limit over current on high load

Project Implementation Method

1. We started our project through literature review about variety of electric vechiles made before  and different motor driving circuit used in industries. 
2. The best way to proceed any project is to choose the best and efficient method for implementation
3. Block diagram of our project is given below:
4. So our main goal is to design motor driving circuit for forward and backward direction at variable maneuver.
5. According to literature, everyone using H-bridge circuit but we are removing H-bridge circuit and move on to a single mosfet because we don't required fast switching.
6. When we apply force on padel it gives analog signal from 0-5V and this output is given as input to arduino where arduino converts this analog signal to digital signal so pwm is generated.
7. Generated pwm controle the power mosfet.
8. The change of voltage on the power mosfet can the controlled the speed of motor.
9. Motor direction can be controlled by using relay switching.normally H-bridge is used for controling the direction of motor but it can also be done by relays.
10. Switching the direction of vehicle in runing condition can cause heavy demage in electric vehicle especially motor.
11. The next main goal is to Designing a multi output power supply.Electric vechiles have different electrical components that operates on different voltages and these voltages can be obtained by using different batteries or by converting a single voltage level to different voltage levels.
12. Speed regulation at low battery level is essential in electric vehicle because speed on electric vehicle is effected if the voltages at the terminal of motor decrease and according to literature at low battery level voltage also reduce and it effect speed so, maintain the voltages is necessary.
13. Vehicle speed cannot be same on different roads or different gradients.electric vechiles speed can be reduced by increasing gradient
14.  Regulation of speed at increasing gradient is essential to maintain satisfactory level or customer satisfication.Designing of regulator can be useful to regulate voltages at increasing gradient to maintain vehicles speed.
15. Saftey of human and electric vehicle is our first priority. By increasing the load on motor more currrent will be drawn. When load exceed at a certain limit it can demage the Motor or circuitry.
16. We need to Limit our rated , we can Limit over current on high load by using a fuse in a circuit which an be burnt on a high current so that it will prevent our vehicle from demage.
17. Wiring diagram of our project is given below:
18. In Wiring diagram it will show the complete block diagram of our project as discussed in previous points
19. multi-output power  supply can be design by DC-DC converters.
20. Electromechanical components can be operated on different voltages and mlti-output power supply can fulfill our requirements for operating the electro-mechanical components like indicators,headlight etc

Benefits of the Project

1. Reducing environmental air pollution which can be the cause of many diseases.No fossil fuel usage. Low maintenance Less run time cost.
2. One of the biggest advantages of driving  Pure EVs have no tailpipe, so they don’t emit any exhaust gases, which reduces local air pollution, particularly in congested cities. 
3. Some areas are introducing Clean Air Zones with fees designed to discourage polluting vehicles from entering certain areas. A key benefit of an electric car is being exempt from these charges.
4. On average, an electric car costs less than £1.30 to drive 100 miles (based on our GoElectric 35 tariff during off-peak hours) vs. £11.05 for a petrol car.There are a few schemes that help make a switch to drive electric cars. The government grants include help with charging points at home and at work as well as buying a new EV.
5. EVs are much quieter than petrol and diesel vehicles.In fact, electric cars are so quiet, they are now required by law to have an Acoustic Vehicle Alert System (AVAS) to emit a sound when reversing or travelling below 12mph (19km/h).
6. The major benefit of electric cars is the contribution that they can make towards improving air quality in towns and cities. With no tailpipe, pure electric cars produce no carbon dioxide emissions when driving. This reduces air pollution considerably.
7. Put simply, electric cars give us cleaner streets making our towns and cities a better place to be for pedestrians and cyclists.That’s the equivalent of four return flights from London to Barcelona.
8. What's more, EVs can also help with noise pollution, especially in cities where speeds are generally low. As electric cars are far quieter than conventional vehicles, driving electric creates a more peaceful environment for us all. 
9. Making electric cars does use a lot of energy. Even after taking battery manufacture into account, electric cars are still a greener option. This is because of the reduction in emissions created over the car’s lifetime
10. The emissions created during the production of an electric car tend to be higher than a conventional car. This is due to the manufacture of lithium ion batteries which are an essential part of an electric car. As technology advances, this is changing for the better. 
11. Research into the use of second-hand batteries is looking at ways to reuse batteries in new technologies such as electricity storage. One day we could all have batteries in our homes being used to store our own energy. Opportunities like this will reduce the lifetime environmental impact of battery manufacture.

Technical Details of Final Deliverable

1.  Complete block diagram
2. Complete mathematical model

• Complete components list
  a. DC motor
  b. DC battery 
  c.  Arduino uno,Power relays 
  d. MOSFET 
  e. Wire-o-board
  f. Frame

1. Complete circuit diagram
2. Complete Simulation model
3. Complete hardware prototype
4. Complete report
5. A presentation

Final Deliverable of the Project HW/SW integrated systemCore Industry TransportationOther Industries Manufacturing , Others Core Technology OthersOther Technologies OthersSustainable Development Goals Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, Climate ActionRequired Resources

Item Name	Type	No. of Units	Per Unit Cost (in Rs)	Total (in Rs)
			Total in (Rs)	80000
Dc motor	Equipment	1	18000	18000
Dc battery	Equipment	1	24000	24000
power relays	Equipment	7	1000	7000
frame	Equipment	1	20000	20000
mosfet	Equipment	10	80	800
wire-o-board	Equipment	1	200	200
printing	Miscellaneous	3	2000	6000
poster	Miscellaneous	2	1500	3000
components collecting	Miscellaneous	1	1000	1000
poster	Miscellaneous	0	0	0
components collecting	Miscellaneous	0	0	0