Development of an assay for biochemical analysis of different milk samples available in Karachi
Milk is considered as an essential part of human diet. Its cost vary place to place and nutritionally most rich food today. According to the National Day Council, milk have nine essential nutrients including calcium, protein, potassium, phosphorous, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin B2 and
2025-06-28 16:26:39 - Adil Khan
Development of an assay for biochemical analysis of different milk samples available in Karachi
Project Area of Specialization Biomedical EngineeringProject SummaryMilk is considered as an essential part of human diet. Its cost vary place to place and nutritionally most rich food today. According to the National Day Council, milk have nine essential nutrients including calcium, protein, potassium, phosphorous, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, vitamin B2 and niacin in adequate amount. Milk is important to prevent bone associated diseases such as osteoporosis, but high intake of milk can risk our lives in various manner. Indeed, it increases the risk of prostate cancer in men and ovarian cancer in females. On the top of this, dairy products are very often high in saturated fats as well as vitamin A which at high levels weakens bones. Studies shows that people should restrict their intake of milk to one or two servings per day. When it comes to animal milk there are only a few animals on which a human population relies such a cows, goat, buffalo, sheep and camel. Properties of milk vary among species such as goat milk is good for skin, may not provoke milk allergies and good in managing cholesterol level. Whereas cow milk has been found to play a key role in lowering blood pressure and camel milk lowers the risk of diabetes and there are much more. While considering the present era, people are relying more on powdered milk than on natural milk. Among interspecies milk, powder milk for infants, powdered milk for old age people and tetra packs milk, it is important to do biochemical testing and quality control to do the comparative analysis among milk which includes interspecies milk, packaged milk and powdered milk for both infants and old age people that will help to suggest the better milk either animal milk (natural milk) or powdered milk and also the use of specific interspecies animal milk under particular physiological condition due to the various health benefits of animal milk.
Project Objectives- To perform biochemical testing among interspecies milk, packaged milk and powdered milk for both infants and old age people.
- Comparative analysis of Lumpy disease infected cow milk and a normal cow milk.
The 14 samples of milk are obtained in total from Karachi for the biochemical analysis. Among 14 samples, 5 samples are natural animal milk that includes cow, buffalo, sheep, goat and camel, 5 samples are packaged milk available in market that are labeled as Brand 1, Brand 2, Brand 3, Brand 4 and Brand 5, 3 samples are powdered milk; the one is for infants and the other for old age people which are labeled as Brand 6, Brand 7 and Brand 8. One sample will be obtained from lumpy diseased cow to compare the biochemical differences and similarity with the healthy cow milk. High performance liquid chromatography would be used for protein, lipid, and vitamin D level estimation. To check the anti-fungal activity of milk, De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar, often abbreviated to MRS, is a selective culture medium designed to favor the luxuriant growth of Lactobacilli for lab study. Antifungal activity is more likely to see against penicillium.
Benefits of the ProjectThis topic is chosen particularly to create awareness among the people that milk is the best in a particular physiological condition and how can the consumption of the milk in the right amount can solve up to 80% problems related to the health.
Adding more into statistics, 90% people do not understand the risk factors of overconsumption of milk. It helps people to know which milk to consume in a particular physiological condition in specific dose needed.
There is a hypothesis that lactic acid bacteria which is isolated from milk of cow and goat shows antifungal activity against penicillium commune, P. norcodium and P. verrucosum. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria show activity in reducing growth and production of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungal species of the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps, and several others. According to FAO, about 25% of world’s agriculture products are damaged by mycotoxins that can cause death in both animals and humans. Mycotoxins are serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. According to the recently published article in the year 2018 related to the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in rice shows the increased risk of cancer in people of south Punjab and North Punjab.
Technical Details of Final DeliverableDevelopment of an assay for analysis of nutritional values of milk from different resources available in Karachi.
Final Deliverable of the Project HW/SW integrated systemCore Industry FoodOther Industries Medical , Health Core Technology OthersOther TechnologiesSustainable Development Goals Good Health and Well-Being for People, Responsible Consumption and ProductionRequired Resources| Item Name | Type | No. of Units | Per Unit Cost (in Rs) | Total (in Rs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total in (Rs) | 60999 | |||
| Chemicals | Miscellaneous | 5 | 1000 | 5000 |
| Samples (Animal Milk) | Miscellaneous | 5 | 1000 | 5000 |
| pH meter | Equipment | 1 | 6000 | 6000 |
| Glasswares | Equipment | 5 | 4000 | 20000 |
| micropipetter | Equipment | 1 | 24999 | 24999 |