Assignment No 1 - History of Intel Processors, CISC & RISC Architecture

1

Intel 4004

1. First 4-bit microprocessor
2. Introduced November 15, 1971 by Intel
3. First commercially available computer processor
4. Clock rate 740 kHz.
5. Number of Transistors 2,300

2

Intel 4040

1. Successor of Intel 4004
2. Introduced in 1974
3. Clock Speed 500 – 740 kHz
4. Number of Transistors 3,000

3

Intel 8008

1. First 8-bit processor
2. Introduced April 1, 1972
3. Clock Speed 500 kHz
4. Number of Transistors 3,500

4

Intel 8080

1. Introduced April, 1974
2. Clock Speed 2 MHz
3. Transistors 4,500
4. 10 times faster than Intel 8008

5

Intel 8085

1. Introduced 1976
2. Clock Speed 3 MHz
3. Number of transistors 6,500
4. 100 million copies were sold

6

Intel 8086

1. First 16-bit processor
2. Introduced in June 8, 1978
3. Clock speed is 4.77 – 10 MHz
4. 29,000 transistors
5. Used in portable computing, IBM PS/2 computers

7

Intel 8088

1. Introduced June 1, 1979
2. Backward compatible 8086
3. Clock speed is 5 – 10 MHz
4. Created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086
5. Used first in IBM-PC

8

Intel 80386

1. First 32-bit processor
2. Introduced in October 17, 1985
3. Clock speed 16 – 33 MHz
4. 2,75,000 transistors
5. Concept of paging was introduced

9

Intel 80486

1. Introduced in 1989
2. 1.2 million transistors
3. Clock speed 16 – 100 MHz
4. Used in Desktop computing and Servers

Intel Pentium

1. Introduced in March 22, 1993
2. Originally named 80586
3. Clock speed 60 – 66 MHz
4. 3.1 million transistors

11

Intel Pentium Pro

1. Introduced in November 1, 1995
2. Clock speed 150 – 200 MHz
3. 5.5 million transistors at 0.5
4. Primarily designed for servers
5. Used in ASCI Red supercomputer

12

Intel Pentium II

1. Introduced on May 7, 1997
2. Clock speed 233 - 450 MHz
3. 7.5 million transistors

13

Intel Pentium III

1. Introduced on Feb 26, 1999
2. Clock speed 0.45 – 1.4 GHz
3. 9.5 million transistors

14

Intel Pentium IV

1. Introduced on November 20, 2000
2. Clock speed 1.3 – 3.8 GHz
3. 42 million transistors
4. Used in desktops, laptops & entry level servers as well

15

Intel Pentium Dual Core

1. 32 bit or 64 bit processor
2. Introduced on 2006
3. Dual Core processor
4. Clock speed 1.3 – 2.6 GHz
5. 228 million transistors
6. Support for Simultaneous Multi-Threading

16

Intel Core i3

x86 and 64bit processor

Introduced in 2010

Dual  Core and Quad Core

Up to 3.90 GHz

17

Intel Core i5

64bit processor

Introduced in 2011

Quad Core and Octa Core

 Clock speed 1.2 - 3.60GHz

18

Intel Core i7

62 bit processor

Introduced in

Core 2 Quad

Clock speed 1.3 to 3.60

Clock speed can be increased by providing extra power in some generations.

1. RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.

1. CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.

2. RISC processors have simple instructions taking about one clock cycle. The average clock cycle per instruction (CPI) is 1.5

2. CSIC processor has complex instructions that take up multiple clocks for execution. The average clock cycle per instruction (CPI) is in the range of 2 and 15.

3. Performance is optimized with more focus on software

3. Performance is optimized with more focus on hardware.

4. It has no memory unit and uses a separate hardware to implement instructions.

4. It has a memory unit to implement complex instructions.

5. It has a hard-wired unit of programming.

5. It has a microprogramming unit.

6. The instruction set is reduced i.e. it has only a few instructions in the instruction set. Many of these instructions are very primitive.

6. The instruction set has a variety of different instructions that can be used for complex operations.

7. The instruction set has a variety of different instructions that can be used for complex operations.

7. CISC has many different addressing modes and can thus be used to represent higher-level programming language statements more efficiently.

8. Complex addressing modes are synthesized using the software.

8. CISC already supports complex addressing modes

9. Multiple register sets are present

9. Only has a single register set

10. RISC processors are highly pipelined

10. They are normally not pipelined or less pipelined

11. The complexity of RISC lies with the compiler that executes the program

11. The complexity lies in the microprogram

12. Execution time is very less

12. Execution time is very high

13. Code expansion can be a problem

13. Code expansion is not a problem

14. Decoding of instructions is simple.

14. Decoding of instructions is complex

15. It does not require external memory for calculations

15. It requires external memory for calculations

16. The most common RISC microprocessors are Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture, and SPARC.

16. Examples of CISC processors are the System/360, VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, AMD and Intel x86 CPUs.

17. RISC architecture is used in high-end applications such as video processing, telecommunications and image processing.

17. CISC architecture is used in low-end applications such as security systems, home automation, etc.