Assignment No 1 - History of Intel Processors, CISC & RISC Architecture

History of Intel Processors

S. No	Model	Specifications
1	Intel 4004	First 4-bit microprocessor Introduced November 15, 1971 by Intel First commercially available computer processor Clock rate 740 kHz. Number of Transistors 2,300
2	Intel 4040	Successor of Intel 4004 Introduced in 1974 Clock Speed 500 – 740 kHz Number of Transistors 3,000
3	Intel 8008	First 8-bit processor Introduced April 1, 1972 Clock Speed 500 kHz Number of Transistors 3,500
4	Intel 8080	Introduced April, 1974 Clock Speed 2 MHz Transistors 4,500 10 times faster than Intel 8008
5	Intel 8085	Introduced 1976 Clock Speed 3 MHz Number of transistors 6,500 100 million copies were sold
6	Intel 8086	First 16-bit processor Introduced in June 8, 1978 Clock speed is 4.77 – 10 MHz 29,000 transistors Used in portable computing, IBM PS/2 computers
7	Intel 8088	Introduced June 1, 1979 Backward compatible 8086 Clock speed is 5 – 10 MHz Created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086 Used first in IBM-PC
8	Intel 80386	First 32-bit processor Introduced in October 17, 1985 Clock speed 16 – 33 MHz 2,75,000 transistors Concept of paging was introduced
9	Intel 80486	Introduced in 1989 1.2 million transistors Clock speed 16 – 100 MHz Used in Desktop computing and Servers
	Intel Pentium	Introduced in March 22, 1993 Originally named 80586 Clock speed 60 – 66 MHz 3.1 million transistors
11	Intel Pentium Pro	Introduced in November 1, 1995 Clock speed 150 – 200 MHz 5.5 million transistors at 0.5 Primarily designed for servers Used in ASCI Red supercomputer
12	Intel Pentium II	Introduced on May 7, 1997 Clock speed 233 - 450 MHz 7.5 million transistors
13	Intel Pentium III	Introduced on Feb 26, 1999 Clock speed 0.45 – 1.4 GHz 9.5 million transistors
14	Intel Pentium IV	Introduced on November 20, 2000 Clock speed 1.3 – 3.8 GHz 42 million transistors Used in desktops, laptops & entry level servers as well
15	Intel Pentium Dual Core	32 bit or 64 bit processor Introduced on 2006 Dual Core processor Clock speed 1.3 – 2.6 GHz 228 million transistors Support for Simultaneous Multi-Threading
16	Intel Core i3	x86 and 64bit processor Introduced in 2010 Dual Core and Quad Core Up to 3.90 GHz
17	Intel Core i5	64bit processor Introduced in 2011 Quad Core and Octa Core Clock speed 1.2 - 3.60GHz
18	Intel Core i7	62 bit processor Introduced in Core 2 Quad Clock speed 1.3 to 3.60 Clock speed can be increased by providing extra power in some generations.

What is RISC?

A reduced instruction set computer is a computer which only uses simple commands that can be divided into several instructions which achieve low-level operation within a single CLK cycle, as its name proposes “Reduced Instruction Set”.

What is CISC?

A complex instruction set computer is a computer where single instructions can perform numerous low-level operations like a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a memory store or are accomplished by multi-step processes or addressing modes in single instructions, as its name proposes “Complex Instruction Set”.

Difference between RISC and CISC Architecture

Difference between RISC and CISC

RISC	CISC
1. RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer.	1. CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.
2. RISC processors have simple instructions taking about one clock cycle. The average clock cycle per instruction (CPI) is 1.5	2. CSIC processor has complex instructions that take up multiple clocks for execution. The average clock cycle per instruction (CPI) is in the range of 2 and 15.
3. Performance is optimized with more focus on software	3. Performance is optimized with more focus on hardware.
4. It has no memory unit and uses a separate hardware to implement instructions.	4. It has a memory unit to implement complex instructions.
5. It has a hard-wired unit of programming.	5. It has a microprogramming unit.
6. The instruction set is reduced i.e. it has only a few instructions in the instruction set. Many of these instructions are very primitive.	6. The instruction set has a variety of different instructions that can be used for complex operations.
7. The instruction set has a variety of different instructions that can be used for complex operations.	7. CISC has many different addressing modes and can thus be used to represent higher-level programming language statements more efficiently.
8. Complex addressing modes are synthesized using the software.	8. CISC already supports complex addressing modes
9. Multiple register sets are present	9. Only has a single register set
10. RISC processors are highly pipelined	10. They are normally not pipelined or less pipelined
11. The complexity of RISC lies with the compiler that executes the program	11. The complexity lies in the microprogram
12. Execution time is very less	12. Execution time is very high
13. Code expansion can be a problem	13. Code expansion is not a problem
14. Decoding of instructions is simple.	14. Decoding of instructions is complex
15. It does not require external memory for calculations	15. It requires external memory for calculations
16. The most common RISC microprocessors are Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR, MIPS, PA-RISC, PIC, Power Architecture, and SPARC.	16. Examples of CISC processors are the System/360, VAX, PDP-11, Motorola 68000 family, AMD and Intel x86 CPUs.
17. RISC architecture is used in high-end applications such as video processing, telecommunications and image processing.	17. CISC architecture is used in low-end applications such as security systems, home automation, etc.